The most widely used spring material is spring steel (SUP), while others include various steels or copper alloy wires listed in Table A depending on the purpose of use.
Table A is generally used for materials of springs
Type JIS number symbol
Spring steel G 4081 SUP
Hard steel wire G 3521 SW
Qin Steel Wire G 3522 SWP
Oil tempered steel wire——
Stainless steel wire G 4309 SUS-WH
Brass wire H 3521 BsW
White copper wire H 3721 HSWS
Phosphorus green copper wire H 3751 PBW
Beryllium copper wire H 3803 BeCuW

A. Carbon steel and alloy steel: When manufacturing springs, metal elements such as silicon, manganese, chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum are often added to the steel to increase the elasticity and fatigue limit of the spring, and to make it impact resistant.
a. Large springs are often processed by hot work, which means that the spring material is rolled into a rod at high temperature, then formed by high-temperature processing, quenched in oil or water at around 780 ° C to 850 ° C, and then tempered at a temperature of 400 ° C to 500 ° C.
b. Small springs, such as steel wire, piano wire, or steel strip, are first annealed, then cold worked, rolled, and then hardened and tempered.
c. Qin steel wire is made of high carbon steel (0.65~0.95%) with few impurities. When the diameter is usually less than 1/4, it is subjected to toughening treatment and drawn into a wire at room temperature. Its mechanical properties are excellent, tensile strength and toughness are high, making it an excellent material for spiral springs.
d. Stainless steel wire is used in areas prone to corrosion and can withstand high temperatures using high-speed steel and stainless steel.
e. The carbon content of the oil return line should be 0.6~0.7% and manganese should be included. 0.6~1.0% is commonly used for coil springs,
f. Plate springs are commonly made of 0.9~1.0% ordinary steel, while higher grades use chrome vanadium steel and silicon manganese steel.
2 Non ferrous and non-ferrous alloy steels:
a. Alloys cannot be hardened by heat treatment, they only need to be rolled up.
b. Copper alloys used for springs include phosphor bronze, brass, etc., which have lower elasticity and stronger corrosion resistance than steel. They are generally used for springs in chemical machines and can also be used for springs in electrical measuring devices due to their non-magnetic properties.
c. Monel is an alloy of copper and nickel used in the food industry, represented by K.
d. Inconel (75% Ni, 15% Cr, 10t) does not exhibit relaxation at high temperatures (within 700 ° F) and is used as a spring in boilers, turbines, and jet engines.

3. Rubber spring:
   a. The function is to absorb vibrations and impact movements.
   b. There are many resin materials that can also be used as spring materials.